Aviation Security Threats

Aviation Security Threats Aviation Security Threats Home›Research Posts›Aviation Security Threats Research PostsUS reaction to aviation security threatsThe tragic events of September 11 are fresh in the minds of virtually every American who lived to tell the ordeal. The Heathrow plot of 2006 is still a nagging feature in the government’s security department. All these eventualities and others prior to these ones point out clearly that the security and economic prosperity of the US depend not only on its capitalistic or4iented market but also upon the secure operation of its aviation system. Terrorists, hostile nation states and criminals have, for a long time, viewed aviation as a target for attack and exploitation to pass their messages or achieve their goals.  This reality has led to the USA taking extra measures to beef up its aviation security apart from the existing policies and regulations as shall be discussed later. In the wake of the looming aviation security threats, the government has react ed in a number of ways although most of the responses are implemented after damage has already being done (Elias, February 2, 2009).Following the London based 2006 plot against U.S commercial jets, the US government, through the Transport Security Authority has come up with newer models of detectors that are devised to counter such particular threats. The use of this technology has two benefits. One, if properly handled, it can effectively detect attempts to bring explosive on board aircraft. In addition, the proper use of these gadgets may deter terrorists from using this method in attacking civil aviation. This is because the method helps detect terrorists who are mere ‘dry runs’ and who are probing the effectiveness of the technology overseas. This was the case with the 9/11 attacks (USA GAO, July 21, 2007).In addition to the above technological advancements, the US government has extended its response to aviation security threats to incorporate other states. In particular, i t has taken action against nations that have lax security standards. Such actions have included banning flights to the countries involved as it was with the case of Nigeria in 1993 when flights between the Murtala Muhammed International Airport in Nigeria and the US were banned until 1997. The government has also imposed mild bans on other states occasionally like in the case of Indonesia and Haiti and Greece in 1996 (Stewart, November 23, 2010)..Another reaction by the US government to curb the growing aviation insecurity is the introduction of secondary screening on US bound planes. This is an extra type of screening in addition to that at the normal airport checkpoints. These screenings have been effected through a modification of bilateral agreements proposed by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). This measure was put into place after the destruction of Pan Am 103 in 1988 by pro-Libya terrorists. In this case, the normal screening had been performed by the air carrier per sonnel in collaboration with local authorities with the latter being inefficient. This led top the terrorists tasking advantage of the situation.The US Congress passed the International Security and Development Cooperation Act in 1985 in its continued effort to fight aviation security threats. This Act requires the government to assure the levels desired of security on flights into US. If the foreign governments fail to cooperate, the President is given the mandate of prohibit the air carrier from providing transportation. This Act was enacted following a trail of terrorist attacks in the Middle East that lead to the hijacking of a TWA Flight 847 after it departure from Athens (Elias, February 2, 2009).The above measures are just a few among the many measures that the US government is deploying to reduce levels of aviation security threats on its soil or of its flights. Apart from these measures, the government has a comprehensive policy and regulations to improve security. These ar e contained in an Aviation Operational Threat Response Plan dated 26 March 2007 by the government to support its National Strategy for Aviation Security. The strategy is in the form of seven supporting plans. The first plan is the Aviation Transportation System Security Plan that directs an approach that is risk-based in order to develop and implement measures of reducing vulnerabilities within the Aviation Transport System. Another plan is the Aviation Operational Threat Response Plan. This plan prescribes inclusive and harmonized protocols in assuring an efficient US government response to air threats against the Nation and its wellbeing (USA GAO, July 21, 2007)..The Aviation Transportation System Recovery Plan defines ways of mitigating the operational and economic implications of an attack in the Air Domain alongside enabling the Air Transport System and affected government sectors to recover from aviation attacks the soonest possible. Other plans include the Air Domain Surveill ance and Intelligence Integration Plan which coordinates activities of national air surveillance, the International Aviation Threat Reduction Plan which details the US counter-terrorism activities internationally, the Domestic Outreach Plan which ensures the participation of the relevant stake holders in implementing the support plans and the International Outreach Plan providing detailed framework for soliciting international support in improving global aviation security.All the above plans constitute the framework that is deployed by the US government in combating the war on aviation insecurity. It is prudent to note that while the above policies entrenched in the plans are specific to different aspects of aviation security; they coexist in a mutual way depending and complementing each other. When they are combined, they collectively create an integrated foundation necessary for an effective policy and guidelines of fighting aviation insecurity threats. The plans, however could no t have been effective without efforts from different departments like the Department of Homeland Security, the Department of Justice, that of Transportation, Defense, State, Energy the office of the National Intelligence and that of the Director of the National Counterterrorism Center. Together, they have enhanced the security of the US and its interests in the Air Domain (Mc Neill, March 30, 2011).Evolution of aviation security threatsOne wonders why the US should embark on such a comprehensive and expensive security touching virtually every security department and sector while there are still other areas like the ground security where similar efforts are needed. This is because the Air Domain is the most appropriate target for execution of terrorist attacks leading to mass murders. Since the culprits realized this new field, they have improved with each passing day staying at par with every new technological advancement. This implies that the concept of aviation insecurity is not a new one-at least not in the US (Elias, February 2, 2009).Since the onset of the aviation insecurity threat in the 1906s, the executioners of such acts have diversified their means of achieving the desired objective. The National Strategy for Aviation Security identifies three types of threats targeting the air domain. These are threats involving aircraft, infrastructure or hostile exploitation of air cargo. All these originate fro three main sources; terrorist groups, criminals and hostile-nation states. The culprits met out their terror in various tactics like hijackings, bombings, smuggling of people, weapons, and shootings.Aircraft threats are those directed at an aircraft or involving usage of an aircraft to attack other targets like buildings. A classical example of this type of threats is the 9/11 attacks. This threat is considered by terrorists who target a large number of people. Like in the case of the 2001 attacks that left more than three thousand Americans dead.In the case of threats to aviation structure, the targets are airports and navigation facilities. This was the case with the attempt by terrorists to attack passenger terminal explosives at Glasgow International Airport in June 2007. This type of attacks are uncommon given their small human target and do not always materialize like case of JFK Airport where  terrorists were planning to bomb   jet fuel storage tanks in the airport but were arrested before the exercise began (Elias, February 2, 2009).The last type of aviation security threat is that involving exploitation of air cargo. This is the commonest of the three. It has been exploited for decades by terrorists to convey terrorist operatives, weapons of mass destruction, weapon components, explosives and conventional weapons (Stewart, November 23, 2010). The Heathrow attempt to detonate a liquid bomb in a US bound plane is a classic example of this. In this case, there were no casualties as the plans were detected in time.

Value of a Dystopia Essay - 2321 Words

A perfect world with no negative aspects can be defined as a utopia. A utopia consists of having all the required or desirable elements of life that one has in mind. Everyone has an altered perception on what a utopia is, but in order for the world to be a utopia a universal definition is vital. Some elements to be considered in a utopia include a society that is stable socially, morally, politically, and economically. The more a world is in deficient to these key elements of a utopia, the farther the world travels from the parameters of a utopia. Through the analysis of the novel â€Å"Lord of the Flies†, the movies â€Å"Lord of the Flies†, â€Å"V for Vendetta†, and â€Å"Gattaca† and the song â€Å"Green Destroyed†, it is evident that a utopia is very†¦show more content†¦When the boys fooled around and did not fulfil their responsibilities, such as watching the fire or getting more wood for the fire, Ralph got mad but he did not try to make a change. Ralph did not enforce the rules; he had only warned them and kept doing just that. One reason it was hard to sustain was because there was no sense of leadership skills. â€Å"By now, Ralph had no self-consciousness in public thinking but would treat the day’s decision as though he was playing chess. The only trouble was that he would never be a good chess player (Golding. 128).† Ralph did not take on the proper leadership role that he should have, which was to lead by example. An example that illustrates this is when he told the boys to build tents; he could have shown them how to build them instead of just telling them to do it. Also when a situation did not go as planned, Ralph did not know what to do. There was a lack of hope for the future and a general lack of a positive outlook. It was also hard to sustain because there was a lack of entertainment which the boys wanted as a reward for their efforts but never did. There was never any fun such as m usic, chants, festivities or feasts. Entertainment is an aspect that helps to maintain a perfect world because it is a way to make people happy as happiness makes one satisfied. There was a value in the attempt of Ralph’s utopia. They were stuck on an island with no idea of when they wereShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of `` Night `` By Elie Wiesel1425 Words   |  6 Pagesin which people live dissatisfied lives under total control of the government. As terrible as dystopias are, there have been many instances of such societies in the past, and a copious amount of them are found in our current time. Although it may seem that mankind would learn from past experiences and be able to prevent the formation of dystopias, all failed endeavors at utopia, in turn, lead to dystopia. A prime example of this is found in the novel Night, by Elie Wiesel. 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Plato s View Of The Tripartite Soul - 2030 Words

The Republic is unquestionably a work that is deeply influenced by its time; Plato lived in a period of war and tyranny. Hence the Republic should be read as a reaction against this time of instability, and a plea for order and justice. However this essay is going to present that view that Plato’s city in reality would neither have been ordered or just. In theory Plato’s state or Kallipolis would be ordered, with a strictly regimented, though not hereditary class system. This is based on Plato’s ideas of the tripartite soul, which consists of appetite, spirit and reason. But in reality such a totalitarian system completely devoid of freedoms would have breed discontent and much like totalitarian regimes in recent history it is unlikely that harmony though between the classes could ever be kept. However, it is more complicated enquiry to judge if such a state would be just. Plato’s idea of justice is informed by his understanding that everything is part of a hierarchy; he sees nature in its truest form as a harmony, where every individual serves a purpose. Though there are some superficial similarities in his understanding of justice, he would see our dynamic, free, at times chaotic society, with lax attitudes towards hierarchies as unjust. It’s impossible to conceptualise a whole city willing to accept such restrictive proto fascist principles. Instead it’s more reasonable to believe that disharmony would be rife, and the city would soon fall into anarchy. ThereforeShow MoreRelatedThe Tripartite Theory Of The Soul1196 Words   |  5 PagesDaryl Claude Medina Professor Morrissey PHIL 3105 April 8, 2016 The Tripartite Theory of the Soul Plato’s theory of tripartite soul focuses on the nature of human psyche. 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Scientists Take An Organic Approach To Improving Machines Free Essays

Naturally occurring chemicals are being used to develop state-of-the-art microprocessors capable of replacing much bigger computers, for dimes on the dollar! Researchers headed by a team of scientists from the Netherlands’ University of Groningen, Netherlands have developed a way to alter the chemical composition of silicon dioxide, which could mean a revolution in the manufacturing industry. The discovery is the latest in the budding field of organic electronics that are gaining acceptance due to their multifold superiority over electronics made from artificial substances. These electronics are being seen as the biggest developments in the field of electronics since the invention of micro chips. We will write a custom essay sample on Scientists Take An Organic Approach To Improving Machines or any similar topic only for you Order Now Researchers from the Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials at the University enlisted a team of industry-insiders from the Philips Research Laboratories, The Dutch Polymer Institute of the Netherlands as well as the Enikolopov Institute of Synthetic Polymer Materials in Moscow Russia. Their combined efforts have materialized in the form of ‘self-assembled-monolayer field-effect transistor’ or SAMFET. SAMFET is the newest innovation in organic electronics, a newly emerging kind of electronic circuits which are constructed using only chemicals that occur naturally, such as silicon. Bottom-up organic electronics is a hot topic nowadays among electronic engineers and industrialists alike because, this technology allows the building of highly complicated circuits at a fraction of the cost of conventional circuits. Besides the economy, such circuits are also proving to be much more energy efficient than their predecessors. So the hype around the invention of this kind of ‘self-assembled-monolayer field-effect transistor’ or SAMFET is well-earned! Although the technique used to create SAMFET’s is complex, thankfully it is much more easily comprehendible. Researchers have basically developed a way to control the shape and proximity of atoms within a given sample of silicon dioxide. This allows them to mold molecules of the substance into a very compact and tightly packed formation. The molecular arrangements are organized in tiny layers sandwiched between another substance such as titanium. The ability to regularize the size and form of the molecules, together with the capability of cramming together millions of molecules more closely is the key element in this technology. This is so because the arrangement of the layers within a microprocessor is what allows complicated processes to be controlled by a microprocessor smaller than a matchbox! Electric pulses that pass through these layers are controlled with the circuits that are made of these SAMFET’s. Since the new innovation has allowed the packing of many more molecules into every layer of electronic circuits; many more commands to control and direct the currents can be programmed into an organic circuit as compared to a conventional electronic circuit made of synthetic materials. The developers explain that this innovation has been developed from the same liquid crystal technology that is used in television screens. LCD televisions are able to display better contrast and detail because of the fine crystals and their uniform distribution. In other words, they use the same technology as SAMFET’s albeit at a less complex scale. The newly developed silicon compound is sandwiched in layers of titanium for durability and strength. The titanium would normally restrict the flow of current but the inventors have come up with another ingenuity to overcome that problem. Contact points that link the different layers of silicon dioxide inside each microprocessor, are made of gold. Gold, one of the best conductors of electricity; allows small electric signals to pass between layers without much resistance against the current. Additionally due to the proximity and evenness of the molecules of silicon and other compounds within the layers, the smallest pulses of electricity can pass through it without any significant loss of energy. Experiments have been conducted to compare the performance of conventional microprocessors to those built using this newly developed technology. Inventors Simon Mathjiseen and Edsger Smits They say results indicate that their components can not only transfer electric currents through more elaborate formations; they can achieve this task with smaller currents because very little energy is wasted in the process. This allows them to build ever more complicated circuits. SAMFETS are structured to minimize resistance against electric currents, and since there are no moving parts, power is not wasted in transportation or heating. In turn, one microprocessor can perform much more elaborate tasks to help build multi-purpose machines that can carry out operations that would previously require many different machines. Simply put; a smaller, more efficient machine can now perform tasks that would have required an entire sequence of machines and robots. For manufacturers this means a ton of savings in their processes. This is so because at the moment even the most technologically advanced assembly lines contain many different machines, and materials have to be shifted between them many times before the final product is made. By combining many processes into a fewer number of machines, manufacturers can save money on the purchase and maintenance of equipment, and on the cost of human resource that is used to monitor and control these assembly lines. The developers of this strategy are confident they have discovered the building blocks to a new era of technology, one where the size†¦ of the circuit, does not matter! Instead, by increasing the density of molecules inside the layers that make up micro chips, more complex programs such as those used to control robots or entire assembly lines can be programmed into the same sized chip. Coupled with the energy efficiency, which means a lower cost of operating such electronics; these compact processors are being hailed as a much needed boost to the manufacturing and electronics industries. Under the current economic recession, many factories across the globe are looking to cut costs of production. SAMFET technology seems very promising in this regard because it allows manufacturers to use smaller, smarter electronic components. Not only can they save on human resource costs, but also on the cost of running these processors which act like the brains of the assembly line. All that remains to be seen now is how soon this technology can go into mass production. How to cite Scientists Take An Organic Approach To Improving Machines, Papers

Scientists Take An Organic Approach To Improving Machines Free Essays

Naturally occurring chemicals are being used to develop state-of-the-art microprocessors capable of replacing much bigger computers, for dimes on the dollar! Researchers headed by a team of scientists from the Netherlands’ University of Groningen, Netherlands have developed a way to alter the chemical composition of silicon dioxide, which could mean a revolution in the manufacturing industry. The discovery is the latest in the budding field of organic electronics that are gaining acceptance due to their multifold superiority over electronics made from artificial substances. These electronics are being seen as the biggest developments in the field of electronics since the invention of micro chips. We will write a custom essay sample on Scientists Take An Organic Approach To Improving Machines or any similar topic only for you Order Now Researchers from the Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials at the University enlisted a team of industry-insiders from the Philips Research Laboratories, The Dutch Polymer Institute of the Netherlands as well as the Enikolopov Institute of Synthetic Polymer Materials in Moscow Russia. Their combined efforts have materialized in the form of ‘self-assembled-monolayer field-effect transistor’ or SAMFET. SAMFET is the newest innovation in organic electronics, a newly emerging kind of electronic circuits which are constructed using only chemicals that occur naturally, such as silicon. Bottom-up organic electronics is a hot topic nowadays among electronic engineers and industrialists alike because, this technology allows the building of highly complicated circuits at a fraction of the cost of conventional circuits. Besides the economy, such circuits are also proving to be much more energy efficient than their predecessors. So the hype around the invention of this kind of ‘self-assembled-monolayer field-effect transistor’ or SAMFET is well-earned! Although the technique used to create SAMFET’s is complex, thankfully it is much more easily comprehendible. Researchers have basically developed a way to control the shape and proximity of atoms within a given sample of silicon dioxide. This allows them to mold molecules of the substance into a very compact and tightly packed formation. The molecular arrangements are organized in tiny layers sandwiched between another substance such as titanium. The ability to regularize the size and form of the molecules, together with the capability of cramming together millions of molecules more closely is the key element in this technology. This is so because the arrangement of the layers within a microprocessor is what allows complicated processes to be controlled by a microprocessor smaller than a matchbox! Electric pulses that pass through these layers are controlled with the circuits that are made of these SAMFET’s. Since the new innovation has allowed the packing of many more molecules into every layer of electronic circuits; many more commands to control and direct the currents can be programmed into an organic circuit as compared to a conventional electronic circuit made of synthetic materials. The developers explain that this innovation has been developed from the same liquid crystal technology that is used in television screens. LCD televisions are able to display better contrast and detail because of the fine crystals and their uniform distribution. In other words, they use the same technology as SAMFET’s albeit at a less complex scale. The newly developed silicon compound is sandwiched in layers of titanium for durability and strength. The titanium would normally restrict the flow of current but the inventors have come up with another ingenuity to overcome that problem. Contact points that link the different layers of silicon dioxide inside each microprocessor, are made of gold. Gold, one of the best conductors of electricity; allows small electric signals to pass between layers without much resistance against the current. Additionally due to the proximity and evenness of the molecules of silicon and other compounds within the layers, the smallest pulses of electricity can pass through it without any significant loss of energy. Experiments have been conducted to compare the performance of conventional microprocessors to those built using this newly developed technology. Inventors Simon Mathjiseen and Edsger Smits They say results indicate that their components can not only transfer electric currents through more elaborate formations; they can achieve this task with smaller currents because very little energy is wasted in the process. This allows them to build ever more complicated circuits. SAMFETS are structured to minimize resistance against electric currents, and since there are no moving parts, power is not wasted in transportation or heating. In turn, one microprocessor can perform much more elaborate tasks to help build multi-purpose machines that can carry out operations that would previously require many different machines. Simply put; a smaller, more efficient machine can now perform tasks that would have required an entire sequence of machines and robots. For manufacturers this means a ton of savings in their processes. This is so because at the moment even the most technologically advanced assembly lines contain many different machines, and materials have to be shifted between them many times before the final product is made. By combining many processes into a fewer number of machines, manufacturers can save money on the purchase and maintenance of equipment, and on the cost of human resource that is used to monitor and control these assembly lines. The developers of this strategy are confident they have discovered the building blocks to a new era of technology, one where the size†¦ of the circuit, does not matter! Instead, by increasing the density of molecules inside the layers that make up micro chips, more complex programs such as those used to control robots or entire assembly lines can be programmed into the same sized chip. Coupled with the energy efficiency, which means a lower cost of operating such electronics; these compact processors are being hailed as a much needed boost to the manufacturing and electronics industries. Under the current economic recession, many factories across the globe are looking to cut costs of production. SAMFET technology seems very promising in this regard because it allows manufacturers to use smaller, smarter electronic components. Not only can they save on human resource costs, but also on the cost of running these processors which act like the brains of the assembly line. All that remains to be seen now is how soon this technology can go into mass production. How to cite Scientists Take An Organic Approach To Improving Machines, Papers

Water Works By Doctrorow And In Cold Blood By Capo Essay Example For Students

Water Works By Doctrorow And In Cold Blood By Capo Essay te In E.L Doctrorows novel, The Waterworks, Mr McIlvaine suggests that some stories were, not reportorially possible. .. that there are limits to words in a newspaper (page 201). The character Mr McIlvaine like Truman Capote the author of In Cold Blood are both journalists who have found stories to which they feel newsprint, in itself would not have brought justice. Therefore to what extent has truth in narration, and truth through journalism influenced the writing of the novels of In Cold Blood and The Waterworks? Truth is hard to define, the Collins English Dictionary(1992) defines truth as, state of being true, and true as, in accordance with the facts, exact, correct. If we are to strip something down to its bear essentials like a newspaper headline we would hear that, CLUES ARE FEW IN SLAYING OF 4 (Page 97, In Cold Bold) or in the case of The Waterworks: Telegram freelance reporter gone missing after allegedly seeing dead father. We will write a custom essay on Water Works By Doctrorow And In Cold Blood By Capo specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now These headlines although truthful do not tell the whole truth, so in away they misrepresent the real truth. In trying to find the truth both authors take different approaches. In Cold Blood is written in the voice of an omniscient narrator. Capote was drawn to the Clutter killings by reading a headline in a newspaper of a killing in Holcomb, Kansas of four family members (Stephen Harris December 1999) and wanted to find out more than what could be transmitted through news media, he wanted to really investigate talk to the people and find the truth. Capote rarely alludes the reader to himself, and the investigative lengths he went to, to get the story. Capote is able to go into such detail due to these investigations. We are told in the, Acknowledgments, that, All the material in this book not derived from my own observation is either taken from official records or is the result of interviews with the persons directly concerned (Page 9). In Cold Blood is told as a life narrative not as a traditional factual account. Capote has added depth by using the narrator and realistic imagery as a filler between real factual evidence, documents, newspaper articles and interviews. The Waterworks is a fictional novel. Doctorow uses the character McIlvaine, a newspaper Editor of the New York Telegraph, to tell the story through the technique of realistic reportage of Martain Pembertons disappearance, Martian Pembertons fathers reappearance and a greater social evil. McIlvaine is always questioning his journalistic morals, he defines journalism as, the cheapest commonest realm, the realm of newsprint. My realm.(Page 8). MacIlvine constantly questions his own objectiveness towards the story of the Pemberton family, Did that mean I found myself prepared to put the interest of the story ahead of the lives of the people involved in it? (Page 200),. The conflict within McIlvaine seems true but there is no real conflict as this is a work of fiction. When McIlvaine puts himself across as a credible narrator the reader is able to better accept the rest of the story he is telling. Despite this in The Waterworks there are many devices used to make the book seem real or truthful. These will be explained latter. Did Capote (a journalist himself), have the same moral struggle when writing the work In Cold Blood as McIlvaine had in The Waterworks? The text never alerts the audience to any struggle of journalistic duty between the truth and the rights of the victims and the offenders, but there are areas in which one could argue there was such conflict. Capote edited out certain parts of Dick Hitckocks letter in which, Hickock revealed his pedophiliac tendencies,(Page 278). Capote had obviously in this instance decided that the rights of Hickoks victims were more important than the publics right to know. whether Capote was forced to edit out these parts of the book we will never know, because of the style of narration Capote has chosen, but the greater question is, Has anything else been left out because of its sensitive nature? Stories, which are often as complex as the people who write them, can be altered in many ways, such as how the writer was feeling at the time and if they felt sympathetic towards the person or people in question. McIlvaine explains how a journalist constructs an opinion for a reader without them realising: they (reporters) did not make such a sanctimonious thing of objectivity, which is finally a way of constructing an opinion for the reader without letting him now .

Art in Antiquity essay

Art in Antiquity essay Art in Antiquity essay Art in Antiquity essayIn modern sense, the term â€Å"age of gold† often refers to any period of flourishing, prosperity, and moral purification. In the ancient context, however, it was associated with Greek mythology, in which there was a record of better times. Hesiod (c. 700 B.C.), a Greek poet, fixed the legend in Works and Days to make people know about the Golden Age of Cronus, when people lived like gods, free from grief and misery. Later, the Romans adopted the story about ideal world to their reality. Thus, Ovid (43 B.C. – c. 17 A.D.), a Roman poet, echoed Hesiod in Metamorphoses, but the main difference was in the idea that the era of prosperity was a perspective for the Romans’ future, not a ‘forever-lost-past’. While for the Greek the Golden Age was over because Cronus was defeated and the circumstances were beyond human control, the Roman poets believed that the decline took place because human virtues turned into vices and human, so hu man virtues could bring the Age of Gold back. It was the propaganda of the concept that the Golden Age was again achievable that made the Romans believe in the ideal world and take their own effort to create it. The first Roman emperor Augustus (63 B.C. – 14 A.D.) tried his best to bring about the legendary Golden Age. He paid much attention to the development of sciences and art, which helped his empire develop and flourish and his glory grow in the meantime. Current study is intended to explore how propaganda of the Age of Gold idea contributed to the growth of Roman power along with the development of warfare, politics, and legislation. The study investigates how the longed-for ideal world was fixed in the artwork. In this way, it is expected to provide the evidence that Augustus worked not only for his own ambition, but he did have a clear program to bring peace, security, and glory to his people.The Murals of the Garden Room at Prima PortaIn 1863 archaeologists discovere d a wonderful room at Prima Porta. Due to the documents left by Pliny and Cassius Dio, the location was known for the Villa of Livia, Augustus’ wife. According to the legend, a white hen fell to the lap of Livia just from the clutches of an eagle. In its beak, the hen held a branch of laurel. The crown-bearing couple planted the branch, and the laurel grew into a grove with amazing vigor, thus becoming a symbol of Augustus glory. Today, the place itself (available for the visitors of Museo Nazionale Romano) is famous for the illusionistic murals of partially underground triclinium painted c. 30-20 B.C. The semi-subterranean Garden Room embodied arboreal mythology that became popular in the times of Augustus. The frescoes represent a vista of garden in which different trees and shrubs blossom and fruit at once. The oak, the umbrella pine, the red fir are seen in the foreground. Box trees, cypresses, holm oaks, viburnums, and date palms neighbor pomegranates, oleanders, apple q uinces, strawberry trees, together with ivy, acanthus, laurels and myrtles beyond the marble enclosure. Meanwhile, the variety of flowers includes chamomiles and roses, chrysanthemums and poppies. Violets, irises, and ferns also grow along the footpaths. All the birds enjoy their freedom, except the one put into a gilded cage depicted on the low wall.Order neighboring disorder, woodland and garden displayed together, and wild birds beyond the balustrade all create a utopian landscape to welcome a guest into the realm of harmony. Although it is a celebration of naturalistic technique in blue and green, the view is not the reproduction of nature. Such a combination of flora and fauna representatives, â€Å"as protean and mulitvalent in their structures and meanings as the contemporary poetry of Virgil† (Kleiner 200), is not possible, but it is a cordial invitation to the world specially made for humans, an ideal world more specifically. The artwork rather creates nature than re produces it, and the purpose will be clear if to turn to the idea of the Golden Age.Propagation of the promised Golden Age As for the purpose of the Garden Room, it had both pragmatic and cultural meaning. On the one hand, it was a dining room in the suburbs intended to give shelter for the guests during hot summer days. It goes without saying that the triclinium stayed cool due to its partially underground disposition, so the guests could have rest from heat and enjoy summer banquets in comfort. The emperor had no opportunity to grow real gardens as he did outside, but he found an effective alternative. The pictured gardens were also good at creating the atmosphere of peace and rest due to the ornamental illusion of natural surroundings, so necessary during the scorching summer months.The beneficent world of nature was an allegory for â€Å"fertility and prosperity of the Augustan state† (Henig 192). Each of the trees and plants has its meaning, and most of them come from th e Ovid’s Metamorphoses in which pines, laurel, cypress trees as well as magpies, partridges, and nightingales played a specific role. The state cannot exist without an order, but a natural order of things has to be taken to account to make the state prosper, so the landscape of the Garden Room in which organic order compliments regular structure is obviously a symbol for Augustan powerful empire. The viewer is able to read the message that the close to nature, the pure the morals. What is more, the eye can read the propaganda of peace and stability as well as wealth and abundance through the plentiful motifs of floral character. In this way, the lush fertility of nature celebrates the vitality and renewal of Rome under Augustan peace (Toynbee 442).ConclusionsThe study has shown that in the ancient times art was a rewarding tool for visual expression of political and ideological intentions of a ruler. Augustus made it the cornerstone of his program to reinvigorate Rome and mak e it the most powerful and virtuous state in the world. While social and religious legislation helped him to re-establish moral virtues of the Roman citizens, powerful symbolism in art supported an image of greatness and confidence associated with Augustan renewal.All in all, a garden of imagination painted on the walls of the Villa of Livia is an eloquent example of well-planned propaganda of the idea that under the guidance of Augustus Rome was expected to experience the glorious return of the legendary Golden Age. Out of time and space, with each species fixed in the moment of their own glory, the painting of exotic fecundity deliberately symbolizes the perpetual spring of the Augustus prosperous reign.